GENERALIZED MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles. The muscle weakness usually worsens after periods of activity and improves after periods of rest. Muscles that control movements of the eye and eyelid, facial expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are often involved, but those that control breathing and neck and limb movements may also be involved. This weakness is a result of an antibody-mediated, T-cell dependent, immunological attack directed at proteins in the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction. MG has an annual incidence of about 7 to 23 cases per million. It most often begins before the age of 40 in women and after age 60 in men.
CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING POLYNEUROPATHY (CIDP)
CIDP is an autoimmune condition that affects the myelin sheath around the peripheral nerves. This condition causes worsening symptoms, like muscle weakness and abnormal sensations, over at least 8 weeks. CIDP is treatable, but it can come back (relapse), which may require ongoing treatment.
PEER-REVIEWED LITERATURE
SUMMARY
The safety, efficacy, and tolerability of efgartigimod alfa-fcab (Vyvgart) was demonstrated in the multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 3 ADAPT trial. The ADAPT trial demonstrated that significantly more anti-AChR antibody-positive gMG individuals responded, based on the Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) scale, following treatment with efgartigimod alfa-fcab (Vyvgart) compared with placebo (68% vs. 30%; P<0.0001). Responders were defined as having at least a two-point reduction on the MG-ADL scale sustained for 4 or more consecutive weeks during the first treatment cycle. Additionally, there were significantly more responders on the Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG) scale following treatment with efgartigimod alfa-fcab (Vyvgart) compared with placebo (63% vs. 14%; P<0.0001). Responders were defined as having at least a three-point reduction on the QMG scale sustained for 4 or more consecutive weeks during the first treatment cycle. The most common adverse events in the ADAPT trial were respiratory tract infection (33% vs. 29% placebo), headache (32% vs. 29% placebo), and urinary tract infection (10% vs. 5% placebo).
The ADAPT trial established the effectiveness of efgartigimod alfa-fcab (Vyvgart) intravenous (IV) formulation for the treatment of AChR antibody–positive gMG in adult individuals. In the trial ADAPTsc, efgartigimod alfa and hyaluronidase-qvfc (Vyvgart Hytrulo) demonstrated a comparable pharmacodynamic effect on AChR antibody reduction to the efgartigimod alfa-fcab (Vyvgart) IV formulation, which established the efficacy of efgartigimod alfa and hyaluronidase-qvfc (Vyvgart Hytrulo). This study enrolled 110 randomly assigned individuals who received one cycle of once weekly administrations for 4 weeks, of either efgartigimod alfa and hyaluronidase-qvfc (Vyvgart Hytrulo) subcutaneously (n=55) or efgartigimod alfa-fcab (Vyvgart) intravenously (n=55).
The maximum mean reduction in AChR-Ab level was observed at week 4, with a mean reduction of 62.2% and 59.7% in the efgartigimod alfa and hyaluronidase-qvfc (Vyvgart Hytrulo) SC and efgartigimod alfa-fcab (Vyvgart) IV arm, respectively. The decrease in total IgG levels followed a similar pattern.
The most common adverse events were injection site reactions and occurred in 38% of individuals receiving efgartigimod alfa and hyaluronidase-qvfc (Vyvgart Hytrulo).
The primary endpoint was met, with a comparable mean reduction in total IgG with the subcutaneous versus the IV formulation. Secondary endpoints were met in 69.1% of individuals who responded on the MG-ADL score and 65.5% of individuals who responded on the QMG score. From this study, individuals could enter an open label to receive efgartigimod alfa and hyaluronidase-qvfc (Vyvgart Hytrulo) to evaluate the long-term safety and tolerability of subcutaneous formulation.
In a placebo-controlled study in individuals with CIDP (Study 3, stage B), 221 individuals were randomly assigned to receive once-weekly administration of either efgartigimod alfa and hyaluronidase-qvfc (Vyvgart Hytrulo) 1008 mg/11,200 units subcutaneously (n=111) or placebo (n=110) [see Clinical Studies (14.2)]. The mean duration of treatment with efgartigimod alfa and hyaluronidase-qvfc (Vyvgart Hytrulo) in stage B was 25 weeks. The overall safety profile observed in individuals with CIDP treated with efgartigimod alfa and hyaluronidase-qvfc (Vyvgart Hytrulo) was consistent with the known safety profile of efgartigimod alfa and hyaluronidase-qvfc (Vyvgart Hytrulo) and of efgartigimod alfa-fcab (Vyvgart) administered intravenously.
In Study 3, injection site reactions occurred in 15% of individuals treated with efgartigimod alfa and hyaluronidase-qvfc (Vyvgart Hytrulo) compared to 6% of individuals who received placebo. The most common of these injection site reactions were injection site bruising and injection site erythema. All injection site reactions were mild to moderate in severity. Most injection site reactions occurred during the first 3 months of treatment.
The efficacy of intravenous efgartigimod alfa‑fcab (EFG IV) in adult individuals with gMG who are anti‑AChR antibody negative was demonstrated in an 8‑week, randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled trial (Study 2 Part A; NCT06298552). Individuals received EFG IV according to the recommended intravenous dosing regimen. In the open‑label extension (Part B), individuals continued treatment with two additional cycles using the same dosing schedule, followed by further cycles administered at variable intervals of at least 7 days, for up to 2 years. Efgartigimod alfa-fcab exhibits linear pharmacokinetics, and following single doses of efgartigimod alfa-fcab, exposures increase proportionally up to 50 mg/kg (five times the recommended dosage).
The individuals had moderate disease (MGFA II–IV, MG-ADL ≥5) and were on stable background therapy. The result (primary endpoint) was significant improvement in MG-ADL at week 4. Efgartigimod alfa-fcab (Vyvgart) demonstrated statistically significant, modest improvement in functional symptoms in AChR-negative gMG, supporting efficacy in this harder-to-treat population.
OFF-LABEL INDICATIONS
There may be additional indications contained in the policy section of this document due to evaluation of criteria highlighted in the company's off-label policy, and/or review of clinical guidelines issued by leading professional organizations and government entities.